Explaining the Electoral System Used in The Gambia (1900–2025)-Dr. Raju Ahmed Dipu

The Gambia, a small West African nation, has experienced a dynamic and evolving electoral system from the colonial era through post-independence authoritarianism to modern multi-party democracy. This article provides an analytical overview of the electoral systems employed in The Gambia from 1900 to 2025, outlining the transition in voting methods, representation styles, and institutional frameworks.

Colonial Era (1900–1965): Limited Franchise and Appointed Representation

In the early 20th century, The Gambia was a British colony governed directly from London with limited local participation. From 1900 to 1946, there was no electoral system in place for local Gambians. Political decisions were made by colonial administrators and advisory bodies consisting largely of appointed officials.

1947 marked the first significant shift: a single seat in the Legislative Council was opened to election—the Bathurst seat (modern-day Banjul). The system employed was First-Past-the-Post (FPTP).

Voting was severely restricted, based on property and literacy qualifications, meaning only a small elite could participate.

By 1951, more seats were open to direct election, yet the system remained majoritarian and elitist, with continued British oversight.

Post-Independence Era (1965–1994): FPTP and Centralised Presidential Rule

The Gambia gained independence from Britain in 1965, adopting a parliamentary system with FPTP elections for the House of Representatives.

Constituency-based voting remained the norm.

Dawda Jawara's People's Progressive Party (PPP) dominated elections, largely due to rural support and control over patronage networks.

In 1970, The Gambia became a republic, shifting to a presidential system, but still maintained FPTP for both parliamentary and presidential elections.

While universal adult suffrage was gradually introduced, the political landscape was de facto one-party dominant, and opposition parties struggled under restrictive conditions.

Military Rule and Democratic Transition (1994–2001)

The 1994 coup d’état led by Yahya Jammeh suspended the constitution and disbanded political parties.

In 1996, a new constitution was introduced via referendum, and multi-party elections resumed.

However, the electoral system remained majoritarian, using FPTP in single-member constituencies.

Jammeh's rule, though technically electoral, was marred by repression and manipulation.

Modern Democratic Reforms (2001–2025): Towards Competitive Multipartyism

From 2001 onward, The Gambia's elections began to open up. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) became more prominent in organising polls.

The presidency continued to be elected via FPTP, with a single-round plurality system (no runoff).

National Assembly elections also used FPTP in single-member districts, reaffirmed in the 2017 constitutional consultations.

Notably, The Gambia is one of the few countries that used marbles for voting, where each voter drops a marble into a candidate's drum — a practice praised for reducing invalid votes but symbolic of the country’s unique electoral identity.

Post-2016: New Democratic Space

The defeat of Yahya Jammeh in 2016 and the peaceful transition to President Adama Barrow marked a democratic milestone.

The 2021 and 2022 elections were largely free and competitive, monitored by international observers.

Although FPTP remained, civil society advocated for proportional representation or a mixed-member system, particularly after the failed attempt at constitutional reform in 2020.

By 2025, the electoral system is still officially FPTP, but debates over electoral fairness, constituency boundaries, and the inclusion of the diaspora continue.

From 1900 to 2025, The Gambia’s electoral system has remained majoritarian, centred on FPTP, with intermittent autocratic interruptions. While the structure has favoured dominant parties, especially during authoritarian rule, recent democratic gains suggest a growing awareness and critique of the system’s limitations.

Summary Table: Gambia’s Electoral System Overview

When Did Gambia Transition to a Multi-Party or Democratic Electoral System?

The Republic of The Gambia, Africa’s smallest mainland nation, has experienced a complex and often turbulent political evolution. Its journey from colonial rule to a functioning multi-party democracy was marked by hope, setbacks, and resilience. The transition to a democratic electoral system officially began in the post-independence era, but it was only truly consolidated in the 21st century following the end of autocratic rule.

From Colonial Rule to Independence

The Gambia gained independence from British colonial rule on 18 February 1965. It initially adopted a parliamentary democracy under Prime Minister Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara. In 1970, following a republican referendum, The Gambia became a republic, and Jawara was installed as the country’s first President under a constitutionally enshrined multi-party framework.

During this period, The Gambia was regarded as one of the few African states practising relative democratic norms, with regular elections and multiple parties, although in reality, Jawara’s People’s Progressive Party (PPP) dominated the political landscape for nearly three decades.

The 1994 Coup and the End of Early Democratic Norms

The democratic experiment came to an abrupt halt on 22 July 1994 when a group of junior army officers led by Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh staged a coup d’état, overthrowing President Jawara. The Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC), led by Jammeh, suspended the constitution and banned political activity, dismantling the country’s democratic institutions.

In 1996, Jammeh transitioned into a civilian leader through elections under a new constitution, but the democratic credentials of this process were widely criticised. Over the next two decades, elections were held regularly, but they were largely controlled, with opposition parties facing suppression, media freedoms curtailed, and allegations of electoral fraud and intimidation common.

The 2016 Democratic Breakthrough

The turning point came in December 2016, during the presidential election that saw Adama Barrow, representing a coalition of opposition parties, defeat Yahya Jammeh. To the surprise of many, Jammeh initially conceded defeat, only to later reject the result. His reversal triggered a constitutional crisis and prompted regional intervention.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) eventually pressured Jammeh to step down in January 2017, ending his 22-year rule. Adama Barrow was peacefully sworn in—first in exile in Senegal and later in The Gambia.

Consolidation of Multi-Party Democracy

The 2016 election and the peaceful transfer of power in 2017 marked Gambia’s true transition to multi-party democracy. Since then, The Gambia has experienced a more open political environment. Multiple parties now compete freely, civil society is active, and media freedoms have significantly expanded.

The 2021 presidential election, which saw Barrow re-elected, was widely regarded as free and fair by international observers, further cementing Gambia’s democratic gains.

While The Gambia adopted multi-party structures early in its post-independence history, the effective transition to a functioning democratic electoral system occurred in 2016, following the end of Yahya Jammeh’s authoritarian rule. The peaceful change of leadership and the strengthening of democratic institutions since then offer hope for a more open and participatory political future for the country.

Below is a comprehensive summary of national general election results in The Gambia (1900–2025), focusing on legislative (National Assembly/House of Representatives) results for which consistent data is available. For each election, I include party, seats won, and voter turnout, where documented. This overview excludes some early colonial-era contests due to limited formal party data before independence in 1965.

Key Electoral Milestones in The Gambia

1966 – House of Representatives

PP‑People’s Progressive Party: 24 seats

United Party: 3 seats

Gambia Congress Party (GCP): 1 seat

Coalition (UP–GCP): 4 seats total

Independents: 0 seats

Total reported turnout: 71.1 % 

Seats: 32 elected

1972 – General Election

People’s Progressive Party (PPP): 28 of 32 seats 

Turnout: Not reported

1977 – General Election

PPP: 29 of 35 seats 

Registered voters: 216,234

Turnout: Not specified

1987 – General Election

PPP: 31 of 36 seats

National Convention Party (NCP): 5 seats 

Turnout: Not specified

1992 – House of Representatives

PPP: 25 of 50 seats

NCP: 6 seats

Turnout: Not specified

1997 – National Assembly

APRC – Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction: 33 of 45 seats

UDP – United Democratic Party: 7 seats 

Turnout: Not specified

2007 – National Assembly

APRC: 42 of 53 seats

UDP: 4 seats

Turnout: ~41.7 % (IFES figures)

2012 – National Assembly

Data unavailable; only turnout recorded: approx. 38.7 %

2017 – National Assembly

Held on 6 April 2017:

UDP: 31 seats

GDC – Gambia Democratic Congress: 5 seats

APRC: 5 seats

PDOIS: 4 seats

NRP – National Reconciliation Party: 5 seats

PPP: 2 seats

Independents: 1 seat 

Turnout: approx. 42.8 %

2022 – National Assembly

Held on 9 April 2022:

NPP – National People’s Party (Barrow's party): 18 seats

UDP: 15 seats

NRP: 4 seats

PDOIS: 2 seats

APRC: 2 seats

Independents: 12 seats 

Total seats: 58 (53 elected + 5 presidential appointees) 

Turnout: approx. 51.2 %

Analysis & Trends

Dominant Period (1966–1992): The PPP held strong dominance, controlling legislative seats across multiple decades.

APRC era (1997–2007): Under Yahya Jammeh, APRC ascended to majority in both national and presidential assembly elections.

Political Transition (2017 onward): A multi-party landscape emerged:

UDP dominated in 2017 post-coup transition.

In 2022, President Barrow’s NPP secured the largest share of seats but fell short of a majority, with independents playing a significant role.

Returning to your example: 1977 full general election result

Election dates: 4–5 April 1977

PPP: 29 of 35 seats

NCP: 5 seats

Registered voters: 216,234

Turnout: not reported (historic records omit turnout data)

Summary Table (Legislative Elections)

Takeaways

Gambia's electoral history reflects phases of single-party dominance, authoritarian shift, and post-2016 democratic pluralism.

Voter engagement: varied widely—generally high in early decades, dropping to ~40 % in 2000–2010, and recovering to ~50 % by 2022.

Modern contests (2017, 2022) show fragmentation of legislative power, with no clear majority and a key influence held by independents.

A Historical Overview of Major Political Parties, Leaders, and Electoral Outcomes in The Gambia (1900–2025)

The electoral history of The Gambia spans a compelling journey from colonial rule to an emerging democratic republic. From the early 20th century under British control to post-independence political turbulence and democratic revival in the 21st century, the nation has witnessed major transformations in its political leadership and party dynamics.

Colonial Period and the Seeds of Political Activity (1900–1965)

During the early 1900s, The Gambia was a British colony with no formal political parties or electoral democracy. Governance was administered by colonial authorities, and representation was limited. However, by the 1950s, the winds of change were blowing across West Africa.

Emergence of Political Parties:

Democratic Party (DP) and Muslim Congress Party (MCP) were among the first parties, emerging in the 1950s to represent local interests.

United Party (UP), led by Pierre Sarr N'Jie, became a dominant force in early parliamentary elections.

Post-Independence Era and Jawara's Reign (1965–1994)

In 1965, The Gambia gained independence from Britain. The first Prime Minister—and later President—Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara became the face of post-colonial Gambian politics.

Major Party:

People’s Progressive Party (PPP)

Leader: Dawda Jawara

Ideology: Centre-left, agrarian-based development, moderate socialism

Electoral Outcomes:

The PPP won successive elections from 1962 to 1992, often by large margins. Jawara remained unchallenged due to his political dominance and the fragmented nature of the opposition.

Key opposition included the National Convention Party (NCP), founded by Sheriff Mustapha Dibba, a former ally of Jawara.

Military Coup and the Jammeh Era (1994–2016)

A pivotal shift occurred in 1994, when Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh led a bloodless coup, deposing Jawara. Political parties were initially banned, but elections resumed under a tightly controlled system.

Major Party:

Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC)

Leader: Yahya Jammeh

Ideology: Authoritarian nationalism with populist undertones

Electoral Outcomes:

Jammeh won elections in 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011, although international observers and opposition parties alleged widespread intimidation and manipulation.

Opposition parties such as the United Democratic Party (UDP), led by Ousainou Darboe, faced harassment, bans, and imprisonment of members.

Democratic Rebirth: Barrow’s Coalition Victory (2016–2021)

The 2016 election was a turning point in Gambian democracy. A united opposition coalition defeated Jammeh, leading to his eventual exile.

Major Coalition:

Coalition 2016

Comprising UDP, People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), Gambia Moral Congress (GMC), and others

Presidential Candidate: Adama Barrow, an independent backed by the coalition

Electoral Outcome:

Adama Barrow won with 43.3% of the vote, ending Jammeh’s 22-year rule.

Jammeh initially refused to step down but was forced into exile by regional military intervention led by ECOWAS.

Fragmentation and New Alignments (2021–2025)

By 2021, Barrow had formed his own party—the National People’s Party (NPP)—and distanced himself from the original coalition.

Major Parties and Leaders:

National People’s Party (NPP) – Adama Barrow

United Democratic Party (UDP) – Ousainou Darboe

Gambia Democratic Congress (GDC) – Mama Kandeh

PDOIS – Halifa Sallah

2021 Presidential Election Outcome:

Adama Barrow (NPP) re-elected with 53.2% of the vote

Ousainou Darboe (UDP) came second with 27.7%

2022 Legislative Elections:

The NPP and its allies gained a parliamentary majority, further consolidating Barrow’s control.

From Colonial Subjugation to Democratic Resilience

The Gambian political landscape from 1900 to 2025 is a testament to resilience. From the early seeds of political activism to military rule and a re-emerging democracy, The Gambia has navigated complex transitions. As of 2025, its multiparty system—although imperfect—remains active, with peaceful transfers of power setting a hopeful precedent for future democratic development in the region.

Sources:

The Independent Electoral Commission of The Gambia

ECOWAS Election Observation Reports

International IDEA and Afrobarometer

British Colonial Archives on West African Political Development

Electoral Violence & Violations in Gambia (1900–2025)

The electoral history of The Gambia, spanning from colonial rule to the present democratic republic, has witnessed varying degrees of electoral irregularities, violence, and political contestation. Although relatively peaceful in comparison to some regional counterparts, there have been notable instances of electoral violence, manipulation, and institutional irregularities that have affected the country’s democratic trajectory.

Electoral Irregularities and Violence: Key Instances

1981 Coup Attempt Linked to Electoral Discontent
Though not an election itself, the 1981 coup attempt by Kukoi Samba Sanyang was fuelled by dissatisfaction with the People's Progressive Party (PPP) under President Dawda Jawara, accused of entrenched patronage and rigging. The armed coup attempt disrupted the political process and led to violence, with hundreds of deaths reported before Senegalese forces intervened.

1996 Presidential Election – Aftermath of a Coup
Following the 1994 military coup led by Yahya Jammeh, the 1996 elections were the first under his rule. Observers, including the Commonwealth, reported an atmosphere of intimidation. Opposition candidates faced harassment, and press freedom was severely curtailed. There were widespread reports of voter manipulation and unfair use of state resources by Jammeh's Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC).

2001 Presidential Election – Pre-election Clashes
During the 2001 elections, there were reports of violence and threats against supporters of the United Democratic Party (UDP). The European Union noted "serious irregularities," including lack of transparency in voter registration, restrictions on opposition campaigning, and a media heavily biased towards the ruling party.

2016 Presidential Election – Post-election Crisis
This election was perhaps the most dramatic in Gambian history. Opposition candidate Adama Barrow defeated long-time ruler Yahya Jammeh. Initially conceding, Jammeh later reversed his stance, rejecting the results and plunging the country into a constitutional crisis. While major violence was averted through regional (ECOWAS) intervention, there were significant threats of unrest, mass displacement of Gambians to Senegal, and severe intimidation of opposition activists.

Localised Violence in 2021 Presidential Election
Although largely peaceful and declared free and fair by observers such as the African Union and ECOWAS, the 2021 elections still saw isolated tensions, including clashes in Serekunda between rival party supporters during campaign rallies. There were allegations of vote-buying and concerns about the transparency of campaign financing.

Annulled, Delayed, or Boycotted Elections in The Gambia (1900–2025)

While The Gambia has made notable strides in democratic consolidation, particularly since the 2016 transition, its electoral journey has not been free from manipulation, political violence, and institutional suppression. Key elections, especially during Jammeh’s 22-year rule, were marked by state-led intimidation and curbs on dissent. The legacy of irregularities continues to shape the country’s evolving democratic norms, and each election provides a test of the resilience of its institutions and civil society.

Democracy in The Gambia: Electoral Progress, Reforms, and Reversals (1900–2025)

The evolution of electoral democracy in The Gambia from 1900 to 2025 is a compelling tale of colonial legacies, post-independence authoritarianism, eventual democratic awakening, and persistent challenges to governance. Though small in size, The Gambia's political journey has mirrored broader trends across West Africa—oscillating between reformist aspirations and periods of regression.

Colonial Foundations and Limited Participation (1900–1965)

Under British colonial rule, The Gambia was administered as a Crown Colony with restricted political participation. Early 20th-century governance structures excluded the vast majority of Gambians from meaningful political representation. It wasn’t until 1947 that the first direct election was held—for a single seat in the Legislative Council. Gradual electoral reforms followed, culminating in greater African participation by the 1950s and early 1960s.

However, these reforms were cautiously incremental. The franchise was severely limited by property and literacy qualifications, and ultimate authority remained with the colonial governor. By the time The Gambia attained independence in 1965, its institutions reflected a blend of colonial administrative structures and nascent democratic features.

Post-Independence Democracy and Stability (1965–1994)

At independence, The Gambia adopted a parliamentary democracy under Prime Minister Dawda Jawara. The People's Progressive Party (PPP) dominated politics, winning successive elections. While electoral processes were generally peaceful, critics highlighted the dominance of a single party and limited political pluralism.

Nonetheless, compared to its neighbours, The Gambia enjoyed a rare degree of political continuity and civil freedoms. The 1970 Constitution, which established a republic, provided for universal suffrage and multiparty elections. This period marked a relative high point in Gambia’s democratic development.

Authoritarian Rule and Backsliding (1994–2016)

A major rupture occurred in July 1994, when Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh seized power in a military coup, ending three decades of civilian rule. Political parties were banned, and the country was ruled by decree. Though multiparty elections were reinstated under a new constitution in 1996, Jammeh’s regime was widely seen as authoritarian in practice.

Elections during Jammeh’s 22-year rule were marred by intimidation, suppression of dissent, and lack of transparency. While nominal electoral structures remained, democracy was hollowed out. The Electoral Commission lacked independence, and state resources were routinely used to favour the ruling Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC).

This era is viewed by scholars and democracy indices—such as Freedom House and The Economist Intelligence Unit—as a period of democratic backsliding. The Gambia was routinely rated "Not Free" or "Authoritarian" through most of this period.

Democratic Transition and Renewed Hope (2016–2021)

In a stunning democratic upset, opposition leader Adama Barrow defeated Jammeh in the December 2016 presidential election. Initially refusing to concede, Jammeh eventually fled into exile after regional pressure, particularly from ECOWAS.

Barrow’s presidency marked a new chapter in Gambian politics. Democratic reforms were initiated, including:

Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission (TRRC) (2018),

Promises of constitutional renewal (though the draft 2020 constitution failed to pass),

Media liberalisation and improved civil liberties.

Election observers, including those from the EU and AU, praised the 2021 presidential election, which Barrow won, as free and fair, albeit with some concerns about transparency.

Ongoing Challenges and Democratic Consolidation (2021–2025)

Despite the optimism of 2017–2021, The Gambia’s road to democratic consolidation remains bumpy. The rejection of the draft 2020 constitution—which would have imposed term limits and strengthened checks and balances—was a significant setback.

Concerns also persist about:

The dominance of the executive,

Patronage politics,

A slow pace of institutional reform.

However, elections continue to be held regularly, and political space remains relatively open. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit’s Democracy Index, The Gambia improved from "authoritarian" to a "hybrid regime" by 2021, though it has not yet reached the status of a full democracy.

A Mixed Record with Signs of Hope

From colonial marginalisation to post-independence optimism, and from authoritarian decline to democratic revival, The Gambia’s electoral history has been shaped by dramatic shifts. While the period from 1994 to 2016 represents a notable democratic regression, the 2016–2025 phase offers tentative signs of renewal. Whether The Gambia will continue on a path of democratic deepening depends largely on institutional reforms, civic engagement, and political will to embed democratic norms beyond electoral cycles.

Sources:

The Economist Intelligence Unit: Democracy Index Reports (2006–2024)

Freedom House: Freedom in the World Reports

Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA)

Gambia Independent Electoral Commission (IEC)

Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission (TRRC) Final Report

The Evolution of Electoral Reforms in The Gambia (1900–2025)

From colonial subjugation to republican independence, from one-party dominance to multiparty democracy, The Gambia’s electoral journey over the past century has been marked by steady — though at times hesitant — reform. This article outlines the major electoral reforms introduced in The Gambia between 1900 and 2025, contextualising them within the nation’s shifting political landscape.

Colonial Period and Limited Franchises (1900–1965)

Prior to independence, The Gambia was a British colony governed under indirect rule. Electoral participation was minimal, limited primarily to the tiny colony of Bathurst (now Banjul). The first legislative elections occurred in 1947, with extremely limited suffrage — only male property owners within Bathurst could vote.

Subsequent constitutional reforms in the 1950s and early 1960s gradually expanded political representation. The 1951 Constitution allowed for a partly elected Legislative Council, followed by the 1954 Constitution, which created an Executive Council inclusive of Gambian ministers. Nevertheless, elections remained skewed by colonial oversight and restrictive eligibility.

Independence and the First Republic (1965–1994)

Upon independence in 1965, The Gambia adopted a Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. Universal adult suffrage was introduced, with the 1965 Constitution establishing free and fair elections on a national scale. The People’s Progressive Party (PPP), led by Dawda Jawara, dominated politics, winning every election until the 1994 coup.

Key reforms during this period included:

Introduction of secret ballots and simplified voter registration.

Electoral Commission oversight under the Elections Act.

Creation of single-member constituencies and regular delimitation reviews.

However, despite the formal structures, political competition remained limited, and the dominance of the PPP raised concerns over the fairness of the playing field.

The 1994 Coup and Authoritarian Recalibration

The 1994 military coup, led by Yahya Jammeh, suspended the constitution, banned political parties, and ruled by decree. However, in a bid to regain international legitimacy, Jammeh’s junta drafted a new constitution (1997), reintroducing elections under the Second Republic.

Key reforms under the 1997 Constitution included:

Establishment of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) with a broader mandate.

Introduction of the "marble voting system" — an innovative and transparent method where voters dropped marbles into drums representing candidates.

Lowering of the voting age from 21 to 18.

Allowing multiparty participation, though under heavy constraints.

Despite the formal reintroduction of elections, opposition parties faced intimidation, media restrictions, and gerrymandered constituencies. Electoral reforms were largely cosmetic until the 2010s.

Democratic Opening and Electoral Restructuring (2016–2021)

The 2016 presidential election marked a watershed moment. Against all odds, opposition candidate Adama Barrow defeated Yahya Jammeh, prompting a regional ECOWAS military intervention to enforce the result when Jammeh initially refused to concede.

This peaceful transition ushered in a period of democratic renewal and reform:

Greater independence for the IEC, including transparent appointment procedures.

Passage of the 2015 Elections Act amendments, including campaign finance disclosures and revised candidate nomination requirements.

Public dialogue on a new constitution, with a draft prepared in 2020 aiming to impose presidential term limits (two five-year terms) and promote judicial and electoral independence — though this was ultimately rejected by the National Assembly in 2020.

Digital voter registration and efforts to clean up the voter roll.

Recent Reforms and Projections to 2025

Since 2021, Barrow’s administration has introduced further changes aimed at modernising the electoral landscape:

The Elections Bill 2021, seeking to consolidate previous electoral laws and streamline the electoral process.

Biometric voter verification, piloted during voter registration exercises in 2021–2022.

Renewed delimitation of constituencies by the IEC to account for demographic shifts.

National consultations resumed in 2023 on revising the constitution to include presidential term limits, judicial independence, and strengthened electoral integrity.

Looking to 2025, there is a strong push from civil society and international partners for:

The adoption of a revised constitution with entrenched electoral safeguards.

Enhanced oversight of campaign finance and political party registration.

Institutional reform of the IEC to ensure its neutrality and operational autonomy.

The Gambia’s electoral reforms have travelled a long path — from colonial exclusions and post-independence dominance to hopeful democratic revival. While the nation has avoided the democratic backsliding witnessed elsewhere in the region, challenges remain. The commitment to genuine reform, constitutional renewal, and institutional strengthening will be pivotal in shaping The Gambia’s electoral future by 2025 and beyond.

Comparing the Electoral Systems of Gambia: 1900–2025 — A Democratic Evolution

The Gambia’s political and electoral landscape, between 1900 and 2025, reflects a journey from colonial subjugation to competitive democracy—with notable interruptions. This comparative analysis explores the country’s electoral system across two broad historical phases: the colonial and early independence era (1900–1994), and the post-coup and democratic transition era (1994–2025). The key question: which period was more democratic?

Gambia 1900–1994: From Colonial Representation to Nascent Democracy

Colonial Period (1900–1965)
In the early 20th century, Gambia was a British colony with no meaningful electoral system. Governance was exercised through a British-appointed Governor, with limited advisory councils that excluded African majority participation.

First Electoral Experiments: In 1947, Gambia held its first legislative election with a single elected African representative (Edward Francis Small), but most legislative members remained appointed. The franchise was narrow—limited to a small, educated male elite.

Steps Toward Self-Governance: By the 1950s and early 1960s, minor constitutional reforms expanded the electorate, but real power remained with the colonial administration.

Post-Independence & First Republic (1965–1994)
After independence in 1965, Gambia adopted a Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. Universal suffrage was introduced, and elections were conducted under a first-past-the-post (FPTP) system.

Competitive Multiparty Elections: From 1965 to 1994, elections were held relatively regularly (1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, and 1992), with the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) under President Dawda Jawara dominating the scene.

Democratic Shortcomings: Though formally democratic, the system was increasingly criticised for lack of political competition, media bias, and administrative overreach. The PPP’s grip on power became entrenched, limiting genuine alternation.

Gambia 1994–2025: Authoritarian Interruption and Democratic Revival

Military Coup & Authoritarianism (1994–2016)
In July 1994, a bloodless military coup led by Yahya Jammeh suspended the constitution, banned political parties, and ruled by decree.

Return to Managed Elections: In 1996, Jammeh introduced a new constitution and staged elections, but these were marred by suppression, lack of transparency, and intimidation.

Democratic Facade: Elections during this period (1996–2011) allowed limited opposition but lacked international credibility. Electoral institutions, including the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), were widely seen as compromised.

Democratic Transition & Reform (2016–2025)
In a dramatic shift, the 2016 presidential election led to Jammeh’s defeat by opposition coalition candidate Adama Barrow. Despite Jammeh's initial refusal to concede, ECOWAS pressure ensured a peaceful transition.

Revitalised Democracy: Since 2016, Gambia has undertaken institutional reforms, including revising the electoral law, enhancing media freedom, and strengthening the IEC.

Transparent Elections: The 2021 presidential and 2022 legislative elections were deemed largely free and fair, with increased voter participation and competitive party engagement.

Innovative Voting Method: Gambia continues to use a unique marble voting system—a legacy from the 1960s that ensures simplicity and transparency in voting.

Comparison and Democratic Evaluation

Which Was More Democratic?

While Gambia took its first democratic steps in the 1960s, the system remained constrained by elite control and ruling-party dominance. The 1994 coup ushered in authoritarianism, which further undermined democratic development.

Post-2016 Gambia, however, marks a more genuinely democratic era—featuring competitive elections, an independent electoral commission, active civil society, and a peaceful alternation of power. Therefore, in comparative terms, Gambia’s electoral system from 2016 to 2025 has been more democratic, inclusive, and representative than at any previous time in its political history.

Which Countries Had Their First Democratic Election in the 20th Century and Under What System?

The 20th century marked a turning point in global political history, witnessing a wave of democratic transitions and the spread of electoral systems that gave voice—however limited or expansive—to the people. A number of countries held their first ever democratic elections during this period, adopting different electoral frameworks depending on historical, colonial, and political contexts. Below is a chronologically framed overview of key countries that held their inaugural democratic elections in the 20th century and the electoral systems they employed.

Australia (1901)

System Used: First-Past-the-Post (FPTP)

Context: Following the federation of six British colonies into the Commonwealth of Australia, national elections were held for the new federal parliament.

Significance: Though limited by gender and racial restrictions initially, Australia would soon pioneer electoral innovations such as preferential voting (1918) and compulsory voting (1924).

Finland (1907)

System Used: Proportional Representation (PR)

Context: After gaining autonomy from the Russian Empire, Finland introduced a unicameral parliament and extended suffrage to women—becoming the first country in the world to do so.

Significance: One of the earliest and most inclusive democratic elections in modern history.

 Czechoslovakia (1920)

System Used: Proportional Representation

Context: Created from the dissolution of Austria-Hungary post-WWI, Czechoslovakia adopted a liberal constitution and inclusive electoral laws.

Significance: Established one of the few stable democracies in interwar Central Europe.

Turkey (1923)

System Used: Majoritarian (Two-Round System initially, evolving to FPTP)

Context: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish War of Independence, Turkey held its first election under the new Republic.

Real competitive democracy did not fully develop until the 1950s.

India (1951–52)

System Used: First-Past-the-Post (FPTP)

Context: After independence from Britain in 1947, India adopted a parliamentary democracy modelled after Westminster.

Significance: The largest democratic exercise in human history at that time, involving over 170 million voters.

Ghana (1951)

System Used: FPTP

Context: Then a British colony (Gold Coast), Ghana’s 1951 elections marked the first under African majority rule.

Significance: Set the stage for full independence and Nkrumah’s leadership.

Nigeria (1959)

System Used: FPTP

Context: Conducted in preparation for independence in 1960, the 1959 federal elections were Nigeria’s first nationwide democratic vote.

Ethnic divisions and regional imbalances quickly complicated democratic consolidation.

Indonesia (1955)

System Used: Proportional Representation

Context: These elections, held for both a Constituent Assembly and Parliament, were Indonesia’s first and only fully free vote until 1999.

Significance: PR was chosen to manage ethnic and regional diversity.

South Korea (1948)

System Used: FPTP

Context: After liberation from Japanese rule and amid Cold War pressures, South Korea held elections under UN supervision.

Democratic progress was interrupted by authoritarian rule until the 1980s.

Botswana (1965)

System Used: FPTP

Context: As the British Protectorate of Bechuanaland moved toward independence, it held democratic elections establishing one of Africa’s longest-lasting democracies.

Remark: Botswana remains a rare post-colonial success in democratic continuity.

Summary Table: First Democratic Elections in the 20th Century

The 20th century saw a dramatic expansion of democratic principles, but the form of elections varied widely. While many post-colonial states opted for First-Past-the-Post systems inherited from their former rulers, others—particularly in Europe—chose Proportional Representation to accommodate plural societies. Though the century began with democracy as a rare exception, it ended with it as a global aspiration, even in places where it remains fragile.

A Timeline and Summary of Major Elections in The Gambia (1900–2025)

The Gambia’s electoral journey reflects the broader African narrative of colonial legacy, early democratic aspirations, military dictatorship, and modern democratic resurgence. This timeline traces key elections and political turning points from the early 20th century to the present day, with a forward look to 2025.

Pre-Independence Era: Colonial Foundations and Limited Participation

1901–1950s: British Colonial Rule

The Gambia was a British colony governed directly by colonial administrators.

No democratic elections were held; governance was carried out through appointed officials and traditional rulers.

Limited representation began to emerge with African members being appointed (not elected) to the Legislative Council.

1951: First Political Party Formed

The Democratic Party (DP) was founded, soon followed by the United Party (UP) and People’s Progressive Party (PPP).

These parties set the stage for formal democratic politics in the colony.

Towards Independence and Early Democracy (1951–1994)

1951–1960: Emergence of Representative Politics

Legislative Council elections were introduced with restricted franchise based on property and literacy.

The PPP under Dawda Jawara began to dominate the political scene.

1962: First Universal Suffrage Elections

First elections held under universal adult suffrage.

PPP won a majority, with Dawda Jawara becoming Prime Minister.

1965: Independence

The Gambia gained independence from Britain on 18 February 1965.

Jawara continued as Prime Minister in a parliamentary system.

1970: Republican Referendum

A referendum transformed The Gambia into a republic.

Jawara became the first President, consolidating executive powers.

1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992: General Elections

Regular multi-party elections were held.

PPP retained power in each instance amid minimal opposition challenge.

Despite dominance, elections were generally considered peaceful.

Authoritarian Interlude: Jammeh’s Rule (1994–2016)

1994: Military Coup

22 July 1994: Yahya Jammeh led a military coup, overthrowing President Jawara.

Political parties were banned, the constitution suspended, and media freedoms curtailed.

1996: Return to Civilian Rule – Presidential Election

New constitution introduced; Jammeh won the election as a civilian under the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC).

Elections were heavily criticised for lack of fairness and suppression of opposition.

2001, 2006, 2011: Jammeh Re-elected

Jammeh won three more terms amid widespread reports of voter intimidation, media control, and flawed electoral processes.

Opposition was fractured, and several leaders faced harassment or exile.

Return to Democracy: The Barrow Era (2016–Present)

2016: Democratic Breakthrough

Adama Barrow, representing a coalition of opposition parties, defeated Jammeh in a landmark election.

Jammeh initially conceded but later refused to leave office, triggering a regional crisis.

ECOWAS intervention led to Jammeh’s exile in Equatorial Guinea.

Barrow was inaugurated in Senegal and later returned to Banjul.

2017: Barrow Takes Office

Barrow’s government reinstated media freedom, reformed electoral laws, and reopened political space.

2021: Presidential Election

Barrow re-elected in a peaceful and competitive election.

Marked by a fragmented opposition and growing political pluralism.

Observers praised the transparency and relative fairness of the process.

2022: Parliamentary Elections

Independent candidates gained significant seats, reducing Barrow's party's influence.

Reflected growing political maturity and a diversifying party landscape.

Looking Ahead: 2025 Presidential Election

Expected to be the next major electoral test for Gambia’s democracy.

Anticipated to be more competitive, with increasing civic engagement and international oversight.

Electoral Commission reforms and digital voter registration are underway to ensure greater transparency.

A Journey of Democratic Rebirth

The Gambia’s electoral history is a vivid tapestry of colonial inheritance, early democratic enthusiasm, military authoritarianism, and eventual democratic revival. While the period between 1994 and 2016 represented a serious authoritarian setback, the peaceful change of power in 2016 remains a defining moment in Gambian political history.

As The Gambia heads towards the 2025 elections, the country stands as a cautiously optimistic example of democratic resilience in West Africa.

Democracy in Transition: Major Electoral Events That Reshaped Gambia (1900–2025)

From its colonial beginnings to modern-day multiparty democracy, The Gambia’s electoral journey is a compelling tale of dominance, disruption, and democratic renewal. The period from 1900 to 2025 is punctuated by landmark electoral events—reforms, coups, and political upheavals—that dramatically altered the country’s democratic architecture.

Below is a chronologically anchored analysis of the major political and electoral turning points that reshaped Gambian democracy.

Colonial Franchise and Early Elections (1900–1965)

Under British colonial rule, The Gambia had a restricted political franchise. Limited elections were held for municipal councils (e.g., Bathurst Town Council), but these were only open to a small elite class.

1947: Edward Francis Small became the first Gambian elected to the Legislative Council, marking the symbolic start of electoral politics.

1951–1962: Gradual electoral reforms expanded the franchise, with political parties such as the People's Progressive Party (PPP) and United Party (UP) emerging.

1962 General Election: First general election with universal adult suffrage, laying the groundwork for self-governance.

Impact: This era transitioned Gambia from a limited colonial voting system to near-universal suffrage by the time of independence.

???????? 2. Independence and One-Party Dominance (1965–1994)

1965: Gambia attained independence from Britain.

PPP, led by Sir Dawda Jawara, became the dominant ruling party, winning every general election from 1966 to 1992.

While nominally a multiparty democracy, opposition parties had minimal influence, and elections lacked competitiveness.

Key Reform:

Constitution of 1970: Gambia became a republic, ending the monarchy’s role and creating an executive presidency.

Impact: The period saw electoral stability but also entrenched incumbency and limited political pluralism. Voter participation was high, yet political change through elections was virtually non-existent.

1994 Military Coup – Democracy Interrupted

22 July 1994: Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh led a bloodless military coup that ousted President Jawara.

All political activity was suspended; the 1970 constitution was scrapped.

Impact: This was Gambia's most dramatic democratic rupture. For two years, there were no political parties, no elections, and no functioning parliament.

Return to Civilian Rule and Flawed Elections (1996–2011)

1996: Jammeh’s military junta held a referendum for a new constitution. It passed and paved the way for a presidential election.

Jammeh was elected president under the newly formed APRC party.

Despite the return to electoral processes:

Opposition parties were harassed, and the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) lacked independence.

2001: Political reforms lifted a ban on former Jawara-era politicians, but elections remained unfree and unfair.

Impact: Gambia nominally restored democracy, but under authoritarian electoralism—a system that used elections to legitimise a de facto dictatorship.

The 2016 Democratic Earthquake – Peaceful Regime Change

December 2016: Opposition coalition led by Adama Barrow unexpectedly defeated Jammeh.

Initially, Jammeh conceded defeat, then reversed his position, triggering a constitutional crisis.

ECOWAS military intervention forced Jammeh into exile in January 2017.

Impact: A landmark moment in Gambian democracy—the first peaceful electoral transfer of power in over five decades. It marked the end of authoritarianism and a rebirth of political pluralism.

Post-2016 Reforms and Transitional Challenges (2017–2025)

2017 National Assembly Elections: UDP emerged as the majority party, signalling popular support for democratic reforms.

2021 Presidential Election: Adama Barrow was re-elected, now under his own party (NPP), breaking from the UDP.

Key Reforms:

Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission (TRRC): Exposed past electoral abuses under Jammeh.

Draft Constitution (2020): Aimed to limit presidential terms and overhaul the electoral system. Unfortunately, it was rejected in parliament.

2022 Legislative Elections:

Resulted in a fragmented parliament with strong independent representation.

Electoral watchdogs praised the IEC's transparency and increased voter engagement (~51%).

Impact: While democratic consolidation continues, institutional weaknesses, polarisation, and failed reforms have slowed progress.

A Fragile but Forward-Moving Democracy

The Gambia's democratic history is a study in resilience. From colonial rule and one-party hegemony, through dictatorship and back to multiparty democracy, its electoral landscape has evolved through struggle and reform.

Major Turning Points:

1965 – Independence and expansion of suffrage

1994 – Coup and authoritarianism

2016 – Peaceful regime change through elections

2020–2025 – Constitutional reform efforts and democratic deepening

Though challenges remain, Gambia’s journey affirms that even small nations can be torchbearers of democratic renewal—given a resilient citizenry, regional support, and credible elections.

Certainly! Here is a CSV-style table showing general elections in The Gambia from 1900 to 2025, with the requested columns, formatted for clarity. Following the table, I provide a brief explanation in British English as a human-type article snippet suitable for electionanalyst.com.

CSV-Style Table: General Elections in The Gambia (1900–2025)

A Dataset Overview of General Elections in The Gambia (1900–2025)

The electoral history of The Gambia reveals a gradual evolution from colonial-era limited representation to contemporary multi-party democracy. Early elections in the 1950s featured restricted franchises, gradually progressing to universal suffrage by 1962. The People’s Progressive Party (PPP), under Dawda Jawara, dominated Gambian politics from independence in 1965 through the early 1990s, typically securing majorities with reasonable voter turnout ranging from 60% to 75%.

This stability was abruptly interrupted in 1994 by a military coup led by Yahya Jammeh. Subsequent elections between 1996 and 2011 were held under a constrained multi-party system, marked by alleged electoral manipulation and restricted freedoms. Voter turnout during this era showed a decline, reflecting political disillusionment.

The 2016 election marked a watershed moment when Adama Barrow’s coalition successfully defeated Jammeh, ushering in a period of competitive multi-party democracy. Turnout rebounded to around 70%, signalling renewed public engagement. The 2021 elections further consolidated democratic norms, although challenges remain.

Global Electoral Trends by Decade: A Gambian Perspective (1900–2025)

The evolution of electoral politics in The Gambia from 1900 to 2025 offers a compelling microcosm through which to view broader global electoral trends. Over these 125 years, The Gambia’s political landscape has mirrored, at times, the wider shifts in democratization, electoral innovation, and authoritarian backsliding that characterised different eras worldwide.

1900s–1940s: Colonial Rule and Limited Franchise

During this period, much of Africa, including The Gambia, was under colonial administration. Electoral processes were minimal and highly restricted, reflecting global trends of limited suffrage and elite-controlled governance. In The Gambia, elections were largely confined to local advisory councils with enfranchisement limited to colonial settlers and a small number of Africans based on property or status. Globally, the era was marked by restricted political participation and nascent demands for self-rule, setting the stage for later democratic movements.

1950s–1960s: Decolonization and Democratization Waves

The mid-20th century heralded a global wave of decolonization. In The Gambia, this era saw the introduction of more representative electoral structures culminating in independence in 1965. The global trend was a surge in newly independent states adopting democratic constitutions and electoral systems, albeit often influenced by Cold War geopolitics. Electoral innovations included expanded suffrage and the establishment of electoral commissions, although many fledgling democracies grappled with ethnic and political factionalism.

1970s: Consolidation and One-Party Dominance

Globally, the 1970s witnessed a mixed picture: some countries deepened democratic practices, while others experienced authoritarian rollbacks. The Gambia saw political consolidation under the People’s Progressive Party (PPP) and President Dawda Jawara, with multiparty elections but growing concerns about political dominance and limited opposition space. Internationally, many post-colonial states drifted towards one-party or military rule, challenging the ideals of liberal democracy.

1980s: Coups and Authoritarian Resurgence

This decade saw the persistence of authoritarianism and military interventions in many parts of the world, especially in Africa and Latin America. The 1981 attempted coup in The Gambia reflected this trend of instability. Globally, electoral democracy faced setbacks, with many countries under military regimes or authoritarian governments suppressing free elections. Electoral innovations were often stalled or reversed in these environments.

1990s: Transition and Electoral Reform

The end of the Cold War sparked a “third wave” of democratization globally, with numerous countries adopting multiparty elections and electoral reforms. The Gambia experienced a military coup in 1994, which interrupted its democratic progress but led to the introduction of a new constitution and elections in 1996 under Yahya Jammeh’s rule. Worldwide, the 1990s saw the establishment of independent electoral commissions, voter education campaigns, and the increased role of international observers.

2000s: Electoral Authoritarianism and Hybrid Regimes

The new millennium was characterised by the rise of “electoral authoritarianism” — regimes that held elections but manipulated them to remain in power. The Gambia under Jammeh epitomised this trend, with elections marked by intimidation, limited opposition freedoms, and questionable electoral integrity. Globally, while some states deepened democracy, many others used elections as a façade for authoritarian control, exploiting new technologies and media to influence outcomes.

2010s: Democratic Resurgence and Digital Electoral Innovations

The 2010s witnessed renewed demands for democratic accountability worldwide, aided by social media and digital platforms that transformed electoral campaigns and monitoring. In The Gambia, the landmark 2016 presidential election ended Jammeh’s rule, exemplifying successful democratic transition through electoral means. Globally, innovations included biometric voter registration, electronic results transmission, and increased transparency efforts, although these advances also posed cybersecurity challenges.

2020s to Present: Challenges and Resilience

Entering the 2020s, electoral democracy faces both renewed hope and significant challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated adaptations such as extended voting periods and mail-in ballots in many countries. In The Gambia, elections remain competitive and relatively peaceful, though challenges around campaign financing and voter education persist. Globally, electoral integrity continues to be tested by misinformation, polarization, and attempts at authoritarian rollback, but civil society and international institutions increasingly advocate for resilient democratic practices.

The electoral history of The Gambia from 1900 to 2025 reflects broad global trends of initial restricted enfranchisement, waves of democratization, episodes of authoritarian regression, and ongoing efforts to innovate and strengthen electoral integrity. As The Gambia navigates contemporary challenges, its experience offers valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between local realities and global electoral developments.

Example : Analytical, Political Analyst Style
Prompt:
“Write like a political analyst explaining why the 2006 election in Gambia was controversial.”

Expected Output Tone & Style:

Deep analysis of the political context and key actors

Explanation of electoral irregularities and controversies

Insight into domestic and international reactions

Use of formal, yet accessible British English

Narrative flow with cause-and-effect reasoning

Example : Journalistic, Narrative Style
Prompt:
“Summarise the 1900 Eastern European elections in a journalistic tone.”

Expected Output Tone & Style:

Objective and engaging narrative summarising key events

Clear, concise reporting with historical context

Use of neutral, professional British English

Highlight of election significance and consequences

Structured for easy reading with a storytelling element

Example :

Write like a political analyst explaining why the 2006 election in Gambia was controversial

The 2006 presidential election in The Gambia was emblematic of the complexities and contradictions inherent in many authoritarian electoral systems masquerading as democratic processes. While the election was formally held and featured multiple candidates, it was widely criticised for lacking a level playing field. Incumbent President Yahya Jammeh, who had been in power since the 1994 coup, leveraged state resources and institutions to maintain his grip on power. Opposition parties faced systemic barriers, including restricted access to media, harassment of supporters, and a climate of intimidation that severely undermined their campaigning efforts.

International observers noted irregularities such as voter roll inconsistencies, limited transparency in vote counting, and allegations of ballot stuffing. The opposition’s boycott threats and limited mobilisation reflected widespread scepticism about the fairness of the process. Ultimately, Jammeh's victory was predictable, raising questions about the genuine competitiveness of the election and highlighting the broader pattern of electoral authoritarianism in the region. This election underscored how elections can be used as instruments of legitimacy rather than as genuine expressions of popular will.

Example :

Summarise the 1900 Eastern European elections in a journalistic tone

The elections held in Eastern Europe in 1900 occurred against a backdrop of imperial control, social unrest, and rising nationalist sentiments. Across the region, electoral systems remained heavily restricted, often favouring landowning elites and established power structures. In many territories, such as the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires, suffrage was limited by property qualifications, gender, and ethnicity, effectively disenfranchising large segments of the population.

Despite these limitations, the elections were marked by increasing political mobilisation. Socialist and nationalist movements gained traction, challenging the traditional ruling classes and sowing seeds of future upheavals. The electoral contests were frequently marred by accusations of fraud and manipulation, reflecting the tensions between reformist aspirations and autocratic resistance. These elections, while limited in democratic scope, foreshadowed the dramatic political transformations that Eastern Europe would experience in the early 20th century.

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